Critically Analyse the Role and Value of 'The Community' in Global Essay

Fundamentally Analyze the Role and Value of 'The Community' in Global Justice Theory - Essay Example A cutting edge case of how the world has energized for social great is utilized to place the contribution of the worldwide network in the point being talked about into viewpoint. A case of â€Å"the undetectable children†, an association that created the â€Å"Kony 2012† film that as of late turned into a web sensation for social great is utilized for this situation. Presentation Social equity, is characterized as the reasonable and proper usage of laws in accordance with the common law to all individuals paying little mind to their ethnicity, sexual orientation, riches status, race, strict convictions, political affiliations, etc with equity and without segregation. Social equity starts with the securing of social equality, characterized as the benefits related with citizenship of a specific nation. These incorporate the privilege to opportunity, legitimate administration, equity and decency in the execution of the traditions that must be adhered to along with human an d regular rights like the benefit to hold open office subject to an individual’s direct (Kuper, 2000)1. From the definition, social equity starts at the nearby network level to the degree of a nation before going worldwide. Worldwide social equity can't along these lines be accomplished if singular nations have not made space for its completion. A more profound significance of worldwide social equity To have a top to bottom comprehension of worldwide social equity, the accompanying four zones must be appropriately clarified; equivalent citizenship, privilege to a social least, balance of chances and reasonable circulation of assets. With an appropriate valuation for these issues, the social equity in a worldwide setting will be unmistakably figured it out. As per Simon Maxwell (2008)2, in his distribution to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), the over four regions have the accompanying significance: Equal citizenship. This isn't simply being an occupant of a specific c ountry and procuring a living inside the limits of the country’s outskirts, yet has an a lot more extensive imperative of opportunity, correspondence and solidarity communicated by residents of a nation and by an augmentation the world. The voice of a resident must be heard and they ought to be in a situation to consider open foundations responsible to be viewed as full recipients of social equity. Assurance of social least. This has the ramifications of interests in social insurance to guarantee that all the common freedoms so accomplished are not surrendered yet rather extended to cover zones that are yet to encounter social equity. It accordingly requires carefulness with respect to residents to guarantee that all accomplishments with respects social equity are appropriately shielded from malignant intrigue bunches looking to take any increases from a country’s residents. Balance of chances This arrangements with the opportunity to receive the rewards of financial, social and social additions. Individuals from a nation or society must have equivalent access to gains chances to training, wellbeing and reasonable organization of equity with the choice of holding anybody endeavoring to deny these chances to account. A general public that profits equivalent opportunities to its individuals is in this way considered to have given social equity to its constituents. Reasonable dissemination The social equity plan if confronting issues because of the issue of conveyance. This is one point once in a while talked about in many circles since it addresses the first class. America is considered on the countries

US should enact stricter immigration laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

US ought to institute stricter migration laws - Essay Example US ought to authorize stricter movement laws: America has for since quite a while ago been home to illicit outsiders from everywhere throughout the world. These outsiders work in America, profit the advantages and deny America of cash by moving it out of America. There is critical requirement for more usage of extreme illicit movement laws. Such a large number of illicit outsiders in US have bilked the American economy. Unlawful movement benefits from the quality of American economy. This is the key motivation behind why destitution in America is expanding step by step. Occupations in which poor Americans should be utilized are for sure being given to individuals who are not Americans and who send the cash earned to their countries as settlement. Along these lines, cash is evading the hands of Americans. As indicated by a gauge, more than US $ 200 billion have been sent by illicit foreigners to their countries since 1996 (Hopkins). This has given serious hits to the American economy. Americans being supplanted by illicit foreigners is another brutal reality. Inferable from the broad monetary downturn that has involved the entire world in the ongoing years, business people have found a way to diminish their costs and amplify their benefits. Laborers have been approached to invest in a similar measure of energy as in the past however for a lower pay. Numerous Americans have wouldn't agree to such plans of the businesses, and have in this way given acquiescences as a dissent. This has barely influenced the businesses as they have numerous unlawful foreigners that couldn't imagine anything better than to work for the brought down remuneration.

A Fashion Free For All

A Fashion Free For All On Friday, October 18th, the MIT Womens League hosted their 24th Annual Fall Fashion Free-For-All, an event where MIT undergraduates can come in and get clothes for absolutely  free. From formal wear to scarves to warm fuzzy socks, there was truly everything at this event. The moment I got the e-mail, I put it in my Google calendar because the opportunity for free clothes is an offer that should always be taken up. That Friday, I rushed out of my dorm with my friend Caroline, knowing that I was most definitely not the only undergraduate excited at the prospect of free things. By the time we got there, there was a large mass of people surrounding the entrance, wielding XL trash bags. I awkwardly stood on the stairs as we waited for the event to open up. Somehow, I managed my way to the front01 sorry if youre gonna call me out for cutting but like thats literally just how it be sometimes so I got first dibs on a lot of cute clothes. The entire event overall was very wholesome. I thought it would be like some rampant, chaotic Black Friday sale where Id have to snatch clothes quick and fast and wrench a cute skirt from the hands of some other vulture. It was, in fact, the very opposite. It was full of people just giving people pointers. Theres a really cute skirt over there! The fuzzy socks are over there, you should grab them quick. Do you want this belt? I think itd look really good on you. It was so different than what I expected and just really refreshing to be in a community so supportive and kind! My roommate, Mariia, and I decided to due a cute photoshoot of all the clothes we got and me wearing some of the clothes I got. Enjoy! a clothes galore ~fancy and formal~ FUZZY PINK BUNNY ROBE I LOVE IT WARM BOIS this is one of my favorites warm!! WARM An arrow pointing right Previous An arrow pointing right Next sorry if you're gonna call me out for cutting but like that's literally just how it be sometimes back to text ?

Defense Mechanisms, Freud - 1600 Words

Defense mechanisms, in psychoanalysis, are any of a variety of unconscious personality reactions which the ego uses to protect the conscious mind from threatening feelings and perceptions. Defense mechanisms can be psychologically healthy or maladaptive, but tension reduction is the overall goal in both cases(About). Primary defense mechanisms include repression and denial, which serve to prevent unacceptable ideas or impulses from entering the conscience. Secondary defense mechanisms-generally appearing as an outgrowth of the primary defense mechanisms-include projection, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation, and isolation(AllPsych). Freud introduced the idea that the mind is divided into multiple parts, including the†¦show more content†¦Complimentary projection is assuming that others can do things as well as you. Projection also appears where we see our own traits in other people, as in the false consensus effect. Thus we see our friends as being more like us th an they really are. When something happens that we find difficult to accept, then we will make up a logical reason why it has happened. The target of rationalization is usually something that we have done, such as being unkind to another person. It may also be used when something happens independent of us which causes us disco0fort, such as when a friend is unkind to us. We rationalize to ourselves. We also find it very important to rationalize to other people, even those we do not know. Reaction Formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want. It also appears as a defense against a feared social punishment. If I fear that I will be criticized for something, I very visibly act in a way that shows I am personally a long way from the feared position (Changingminds).A common pattern in Reaction Formation is where the person uses ‘excessive behavior, for example usi ng exaggerated friendliness when the person is actually feeling unfriendly. Regression involves taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. This is usually in response toShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud and Defense Mechanism Essays1302 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud began studying human defense mechanisms in the late 1800s. His work became a solid foundation for the continued study into this topic for the last century, especially in regards to the work of his daughter, Anna Freud. Anna Freud believed that identifying a patient’s way of defending himself against his undesirable instincts would help psychotherapist discover the root of â€Å"unwelcome affects† (A. Freud, 1936, p. 32 via Sollod, Wilson and Monte, 2009, p. 199). Although there are a multitudeRead MoreSigmund Freud s Defense Mechanisms1803 Words   |  8 PagesSigmund Freud: Defense Mechanisms   Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist and practitioner who strongly emphasized   the unconscious processes and biological drives that guide our behavior.   He asserted that instincts are the propelling forces of our personality, and that they originate in the id (the unconscious part of our personality that works on the pleasure principle, and is a reservoir of our instincts and libido). In addition to the id, we have the ego (the conscious, rational side ofRead MoreSigmund Freuds Adventure672 Words   |  3 PagesAdventure Have you ever heard of Sigmund Freud? If not then, he is the one who is well known as the father of Psychoanalysis. Freud was one of the modern-day psychologist, he prepared a technique for understanding the human behavior, and the effort resulted a complete theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed. Freud is the firstborn in his family of three boys and five girls. He was born in Freiberg, a rural town near Ostrau in northwestern Moravia. Freud had many interests in his early ageRead MoreI Chose To Do Research On The Ideas Of Sigmund Freud For1551 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch on the ideas of Sigmund Freud for my paper. I decided to do my paper on Freud because I am interested in his ideas on the divisions of the mind, anxiety, psychosexual stages of development, ego-defense mechanisms, and his most well-known topic, the unconscious mind. Many theorists such as Carl Jung took Freud’s concept of the divisions of the mind and changed his theory to fit with their t houghts on psychology. Albert Bandura also took on Freud’s ego defense mechanisms and shifted them to fit withRead MoreMaster of the Mind: Sigmund Freud923 Words   |  4 PagesMaster of the Mind Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud has become known as the â€Å"founding father of psychoanalysis†, master of the unknown mind. Freud explored the human mind more that any other psychologist and developed theories that many scientists and individuals rely on till this day because none of his theories have been falsified. He has led the path of psychology for new research and mapping out the unconscious mind. Freud developed theories that focused on the subconscious mind motives ofRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory And Depth Psychology1098 Words   |  5 Pagescentury is one that has withstood the tests of time; with just a few exceptions. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory which is comprised of many of Freud’s very unique and great theories like the tripartite mind, psychosexual developmental stages, and defense mechanisms gave insight into the inner-workings of the mind that until then had not yet been discovered nor explored. After all, psychoanalysis centers on exposing the human unconscious by viewing human behavior through a deterministic lens, meaning thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Holden Uses Defense Mechanisms1157 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defense mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead MoreAnna Freud1216 Words   |  5 PagesANNA FREUD Anna Freud Anna Freud Selecting a woman that made significant contributions to the field of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950 is not an easy task as there is more than one woman who made significant contributions to the field of Psychology. Out of those talented women Anna Freud, overshadows her colleagues. Anna can be considered to have a fascinating background, which influenced her later development of unique theoretical perspectives. Her father, Sigmund Freud famousRead MoreHolden Uses Defense Mechanisms1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously uti lizing defense mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead MoreFreuds Theories Applied in Inception1220 Words   |  5 PagesInception, uses Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis to help originate this movie. Although at times the concepts are a little farfetched, Freud’s theories of defense mechanisms as well as his concept of dreams are both applied in this film. The term psychoanalysis is used to discuss to the numerous parts of Freud’s work and studies. Freud believed the mind is divided into two main parts, the conscious and unconscious mind. â€Å"The Unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and

Psychological Analysis Beautiful Mind and Stanford Prison...

The movie Beautiful Mind is about Dr. John Nash who is a mathematical genius and a natural code breaker, at least in his own mind. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia which is a psychological disorder. According to Baird (2011), paranoid schizophrenia is when a person has â€Å"delusions of grandeur and persecution often accompanied by hallucinations† (p. 273). The person has a split from real life circumstances, where their new reality becomes actual fact to them. According to the DMV-IV John Nash was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia because of certain criteria he showed, hallucinations and delusions. It is listed in the DMV-IV as 295.30 Paranoid Type-Schizophrenia (DSM-IV, 1994). Dr. Nash had a break from reality when he†¦show more content†¦The insulin shock therapy was hard to watch because he had to have the injections five times a week for ten weeks with the shock treatments. When he was finally able to come home, he was just on oral medication. A fter a while, he decided on his own to stop taking the medications and the hallucinations returned to his mind. He has a moment of clarity, because he realizes one of his hallucinations can’t be real because she never ages. He returns to the hospital on his own and receives additional therapy. At this point in his illness, he chooses to ignore the hallucinations and not feed into them so that he is able to go back to work to some degree. I agree and disagree with the treatment that Nash received. I think the insulin shock therapy probably could have been discarded as it seemed the medicines he was on when he came out worked fine. I do think that he needed a caretaker to make sure that he took his medicine, instead of like his wife in the movie, giving it to him and walking away. She was entrusted with his care when released from the hospital, so must show some accountability to make sure he takes the medication. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy has been shown to be the most promising in helping patients with this disease (Franklin, 2004). I think with his treatment, it would have been beneficial to have some type of cognitive and behavioral management skills that would teach him how toShow MoreRelatedThings That Go Bump In the Night: Why They Are Scary2198 Words   |  9 Pagesculture, like the Harry Potter series with Remus Lupin. He was bitten as a child by the werewolf, Fenrir Greyback. Lupin has no control over himself when he changes form until the introduction of the wolfsbane potion and is quoted saying, â€Å"I keep my mind when I transform†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rowling 353). Before this potion was created he, â€Å"became a fully fledged monster once a month,† and he, â€Å"was separated from humans to bite,† revealing how little control he had when he transformed. In literature and film depictingRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesthought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 mus eum goers in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blending, we tap into the participants’ unconscious minds, gleaning important embodiment processes that shape their reasoning. Solvitur ambulando (Solve it by walking) (roman proverb) I n the twenty-ï ¬ rst century, for better or worse, the marketplaceRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesthought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goers in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blending, we tap into the participants’ unconscious minds, gleaning important embodiment processes that shape their reasoning. Solvitur ambulando (Solve it by walking) (roman proverb) I n the twenty-ï ¬ rst century, for better or worse, the marketplace hasRead MoreFraud Triangle15238 Words   |  61 Pagesgo to prison or not. I am prepared to work however long it takes to pay the banks back in full with reasonable interest from a garnishment of my wages from now until the full amount is paid and settled. I committed this act because I was feeling desperate. I was emotionally a wreck and physically tired. I felt I didn’t have a choice but to do what I did or return to living in my car. I know now that what I did was wrong, and I am very sorry for it. I am attempting to seek psychological counselingRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagesadvertising language, its history. The second chapter is types of advertising (consumer advertising, media of consumer advertising). In the third chapter we consider slogans, logos, types with tone and some thoughts of colour. In the fourth chapter we study advertising as a service. The fifth chapter includes new agencies such as newspapers, periodicals, radio, television. And also methods of advertising in the chapter of sixth (television, newspapers, brochures, direct mail, radio, internet and so on)Read MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesreferred to, seldom known: THE BLIND M E N A N D THE ELEPHANT by John Godfrey Saxe (1816-1887) It was six men of Indostan To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind) That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The First approached the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to brawl: God bless me but the Elephant Is very like a wall. The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, Ho! What have we here So very roundRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to GlobalizationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Org anizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Satiation Free Essays

Satiation is a term that is often used in everyday life. However, it is also a behavioral principle with psychological foundations. The main goal of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. We will write a custom essay sample on Satiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will be done through a thorough analysis of two previous investigations utilizing the concept of satiation. The investigations will include two types: one applied and one basic or experimental. The applied investigation that will be utilized and analyzed is a paper completed by Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, Hanley (2000) on differentiating satiation versus extinction effects for noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The basic investigation that will be utilized is one conducted by Pierce, Epling, Boer (1986) on satiation and deprivation as related to the interaction between food and wheel running. The mechanism by which satiation was able to act in the two investigations will be identified. The differences and similarities in the role satiation played in both investigations will also be analyzed. Introduction Satiation is a concept that can be applied to a number of different actions. The act of being satiated, for example, can be related to different behaviors such as eating, drinking, and pleasure-seeking. Although it is a single word, the term satiation has wide and varied applications. This is also due to the fact that it is a term encompassing numerous other basic underpinnings. In the everyday use of the word, satiation refers to the act of being satiated. It is similar in meaning to being full and satisfied. Satisfaction in terms of having enough to eat, for example, is satiation in action. In fact, satiation will be conceived by the layman to be an event beyond satisfaction. Satiation is being at the maximum capacity of whatever one is satiated with. There is no more room for more. To the layman, satiation is linked to feelings of contentment and pleasure. Technically, satiation is defined as the point wherein the organism under study stops eating or engaging in the behavior under examination. This halting of action indicates that the activity has been performed long enough for the organism to have achieved the goals set for initiating the activity. This explains why satiation would be linked to layman definitions such as fullness and satisfaction. The purpose of the present paper is to develop a scientific and more precise understanding of satiation. It is hoped that the mechanism of satiation with regards to deprivation in relation to food and wheel running and also to extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules will be understood. In general, the paper aims to develop a clearer understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. A comparison of two ways by which satiation operates will be the means establish this understanding. Research Review A review of previous research is the main means of the present paper at achieving its goals. Two different investigations will be analyzed – one applied investigation and one basic investigation. Identifying Satiation versus Extinction Effects Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, Hanley (2000) investigated the possibility of formulating a method for identifying satiation versus extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The main goal of the study was to understand whether the suppression of a response during noncontingent reinforcement schedules in experiments was caused by extinction or by satiation. Participants and Setting The study involved the participation of 3 individuals with developmental disabilities and who engaged in self injurious behavior and other forms of agression. The participants were two females, ages 43 and 31, and one male, age 25. Communication with the participants was done through gestures such as pointing. All three lived in a state residential facility with developmental disabilities. The study was performed in therapy rooms located at the said residential facility. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were satiation and extinction which were measured through the experimenter’s assessment and treatment procedures. These included delivery of instructions, prompting, praise upon compliance, and turning away upon non-compliance. Dense reinforcement schedules of the independent variable would imply satiation as it would include more presentations of the reinforcer during a given time period. Thin reinforcement schedules, on the other hand, would indicate extinction. The dependent variable included the target behavior, which was either self injurious behavior (SIB) or aggression, in the participants. These behaviors included skin picking, hand or arm biting, hitting, scratching, pinching, and kicking. The data for SIB was noted on computers and were recorded in terms of number of responses per minute. The effects of the experiment were measured via a multiple baseline across subjects design. This involved the comparison of baseline rates of SIB and aggression with rates of SIB and aggression under noncontingent reinforcement schedules utilized in the experiment. Procedures The procedure of the experiment was divided into two phases. Phase 1 included the functional analysis and Phase 2 included the analysis of responses during and after noncontingent reinforcement. Phase 1 was conducted according to five different assessment conditions: play, tangible, attention, demand, and alone. Of these, tangible, attention, demand, and alone were experimental conditions while play was a control condition. In the tangible condition, the experimenter was present in the room and would deliver food to the participant if SIB or aggression was noted. In the attention condition, the participant had access to leisure materials in the room and the experimenter would ignore the participant except when SIB or aggression was noted to which the experimenter would respond with brief attention and light physical contact. In the demand setup, the experimenter would give instructions on a fixed-time 30-s schedule which would merit praise upon the participants compliance. If SIB or aggression was noted, the experimenter would cease all interaction and would turn away until the next trial. In the alone setup, the participant was simply left alone in a room with access to leisure materials. The play setup was a control setup that involved access to leisure materials. The experimenter was always present and gave noncontingent attention on a fixed-time 30-s schedule. There were no instructions given to the participant and SIB or aggression was ignored. For Phase 2, the same reinforcements present in Phase 1 were used. For the baseline experimental sessions lasted 10 minutes each with reinforcers delivered on a continuous schedule.. For noncontingent reinforcement sessions, fixed-time schedules were applied and SIB or aggression was ignored. Schedule thinning and terminal schedules for each participant was utilized. Extinction sessions or post-noncontingent reinforcement sessions lasted 20 minutes after every noncontingent reinforcement session; conditions were similar to that at baseline except that no reinforcers were delivered. Results The results of Phase 1 of the study showed that all three participants engagement in SIB and aggression were due to social-positive reinforcement. The male participant’s problem behavior occurred most frequently during the tangible setup while the two female participants’ problem behavior occurred most frequently during the attention setup. For Phase 2, it was seen that noncontingent reinforcement sessions automatic declines in the rate of problem behavior of the participants. The investigation showed that the mechanism, whether satiation or extinction, of noncontingent reinforcements may be different across individuals and that these may also change during the period of the treatment. This was evidenced by the different reactions of the three participants to thick and thin fixed-time schedules where the male exhibited satiation during thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules and one of the female participants exhibited extinction during the dense noncontingent reinforcement schedules. Contributions One of the main contributions of the study is in the finding that thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules could produce satiation. This was an unexpected finding and was inconsistent with previous investigations that showed thick noncontingent reinforcement schedules to be the ones that produce satiation effects. The understanding that reaction to noncontingent reinforcements may be idiosyncratic across individuals implies that the mechanisms behind reactions to noncontingent reinforecements can be arrived at through observations similar to that conducted for the study. This will have numerous applications in the medical field. If dense schedules of noncontingent reinforcement schedules can produce satiation effects, as stated by the results of the study, there might no longer be any need for extinction sessions to take place. Also, if extinction plays a greater role than satiation in behavior suppression during noncontingent reinforcement, individuals applying the treatment should be made aware that there is a possibility of an increase in responses to occur temporarily during the transition. The findings and methodology of the study can also be extended to include other behavior-reduction techniques and not just noncontingent reinforcement. Limitations The study had several limitations. Pinpointing the true mechanism behind behavior suppression was indirect because the schedules used contained an extinction component. The analysis of the findings were also dependent on expected response patterns caused by satiation versus extinction, which could be caused by other factors. Also, the intervals for the extinction sessions were chosen arbitrarily and were not based on empirical data. Longer and shorter intervals might have led to different results. Also, the differences in the results of all three participants caused a limitation in the conclusions that could be drawn regarding satiation, extinction, behavior suppression, and noncontingent reinforcement. Deprivation and Satiation Pierce, Epling, and Boer (1986) also conducted an investigation to better understand the effects of satiation and deprivation on behavior. The main goal of the study was to assess the reinforcement power of food for wheel running when rats were deprived and also for when rats were satiated. The entire study was thus divided into two experiments: Expirement 1 which involved deprivation and Experiment 2 which involved satiation. Participants and Setting The subjects for Experiment 1 were 5 female and 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Upon the initiation of the experiment, the rats were all 50 days old. For Experiment 2, 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats, all of which were 45 days old were used. The dietary needs of the rats, nutrition and water, were always kept available in the cages where the rats were placed when they weren’t in the experimentation set-up. The rats cages which were kept under continuous light and temperature conditions. The room in which the cages were located was always at approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Experiment 1 took place in a room with a running wheel (Wahmann Co. ) with a solenoid-operated brake. The equipment used by the experimenters for programming and recording the rats activities on the wheel were placed in a separate room. Expeiment 2 employed 2 running wheels (Wahmann Co. ), one that freely turned and one that was locked. Another modified activity wheel was used. This turned when a motorized metal shaft was rotated. The experiment took place in an operant-conditioning chamber with a pellet feeder, houselight and response lever. This was placed in an enclosure with a fan that provided masking noise. Control and recording apparatus were again placed in a separate room. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were deprivation (Experiment 1) and satiation (Experiment 2). Deprivation was measured by the decrease in the rats’ body weight. Satiation, on the other hand, was measured by a decrease in frequency of the rat’s wheel running behavior. The dependent variable for Experiment 1 was the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running for the rats. The dependent variable was measured by the highest ratio to be completed and the total number of lever presses. In Experiment 2, the dependent variable was the reinforcement effectiveness of food. The total number of presses the rats made on the food-reinforced lever measured the dependent variable. Procedures For Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was utilized to determine the potency of wheel turning as a reinforcer when the rats were either deprived or not deprived of food. A fixed number of lever presses released the solenoid-brake on the running wheel for 60-s. The fixed number of lever presses required for the release of the wheel was increased systematically until the rat stopped pressing the lever after a period of 1 hour had elapsed or until 8 hours had elapsed. For Experiment 2, three procedures were employed: progressive ratio, variable interval, and forced running. Prior to implementing the progressive ratio and the variable interval procedures, rats were placed for 19 hours in a running wheel with access to water. The experimental setup had wheels that turned while the control setup had wheels that were locked. They were also deprived of food for 20 hours. For the progressive ratio, the rats were then placed in an operant chamber where 45-mg food pellets would be released after a fixed number of level presses had been done. The required number of lever presses increased incrementally after each pellet release until 8 hours had elapsed or until the rat had stopped responding for a 1 hour duration. For the variable interval, continued lever pressing produced food pellets based ona variable interval 30-s schedule. After 60 food pellets had been dispensed, the session would be stopped. When an interreinforcement schedule went beyond 1 hour, the session was also terminated. For the forced running procedure, a motorized wheel was used to force running. The run was equivalent to 750 wheel turns and was based on the turns generated by the rats from the previous procedures. Throughout the day of forced running, the rat was deprived of food. This meant that this rat underwent 44 hours of food deprivation as opposed to the 20 hours of deprivation experienced by the other rats for Experiment 2. After the total number of turns for the forced run was completed, the rat was tested on a variable interval 30-s food reinforcement schedule through a procedure similar to the variable interval procedure. Results In Experiment 1, seven of the 9 rats were recorded to spend less time in the experimental setup when they were at 100% of their body weight as opposed to when they were at 75% of their body weight. Higher ratios of lever pressing were also sustained when the rats were food deprived. The rats responses increased as deprivation became more severe. However, at the most severe deprivation levels, responses decreased. This suggested an inverted-U function between deprivation and reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running. In Experiment 2, fewer lever presses were made during the progressive ratio schedule. The number of food-reinforced lever presses and the accomplished ratios were smaller when the rats had been allowed to run on the wheel as opposed to when they were not. Responding also occurred less frequently during the variable interval schedule. Rats that been placed in the locked wheels showed equivalent responses to those that had simply been placed in the home cage. This showed that food reinforcement was not affected by mere placement in a wheel. Those that had been placed in the open wheel, however, showed a significant decrease in lever pressing upon introduction of the variable interval 30-s schedule of reinforcement. The rat placed in the forced running procedure was shown to have almost twice the number of lever presses as the other rats. This may have been due to the fact that it was subject to 44 hours of food deprivation while the other rats were only placed under 20 hours of food deprivation. Lever pressing for the forced running procedure was reduced from 39. 6 responses per minute to 3. 6 responses per minute. This is a significant decrease in local response rate. Contributions The contributions of the investigation is in its finding that food deprivation increases reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running and that satiation decreases the reinforcement effectiveness of food. A major contribution of the findings is in the fact that forced running more effectively decreases the effectiveness of food reinforcement. The study was the first to attain scientific measurements and numerical values to back up these claims regarding the operation of deprivation and satiation. Further research regarding the effects of deprivation and satiation on reinforcing properties of certain activities and substances will be encouraged by the success of the findings of the Pierce et al. (1986) study. The limitations of the study include the possibility of warm up effects in the rats. The differences between closed and open wheel setups were also exaggerated with the progress of the sessions because of the long intervals that began to crop up in between responses. Comparison between sessions and procedures was then made more difficult. Also the rats used for the experiment were sedentary and this might have caused their responses to be exaggerated. In a population that had free access to wheel running, the same treatment might not have the same effects. It is clear that satiation played an important role in both the basic investigation as well as the applied investigation. In both investigations, satiation was studied in contrast to another behavioral principle; extinction for the applied investigation and deprivation for the basic investigation. One distinct difference between the two investigations is in the fact that in the applied research, satiation was expected to lead to an increase in the desired behavior or response. In the basic research, however, satiation was expected to lead to a decrease in the desired response. This difference shows the dynamic nature of satiation in the behavioral processes of an organism. In the basic research, satiation was able to show that two behavioral principles can have effects on one event while successfully altering reinforcement effectiveness of another event. In the case of the experiment deprivation-satiation operations with respect to wheel running altered the reinforcing properties of food. Deprivation-satiation operations also altered the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running with regard to food. That is that satiation is able to work with another behavioral principle reciprocally. In the applied research, the mechanism of satiation was similar to that of extinction. It was a question of which principle could more effectively bring about the desired response and behavior. It is clear, then, that satiation or the organism’s tendency to feel full or to have enough of a given activity or substance has multi-faceted qualities. Achievement of satiation can result in a decrease in certain behavior and an increase in others. Also, it may interact with other behavioral principles reciprocally or take the same mechanism of others. How to cite Satiation, Papers

Virtual Friendship and the New Narcissism free essay sample

In her essay â€Å"Virtual Friendship and the New Narcissism, Christine Rosen explores and comments on the various ways social networking sites have affected how users interpret and define a relationship. Rosen starts by comparing how our modern day social media pages are no different from the painted portraits of the people from the past. Rather than the painters retouching their work to define an image, we now update, tweak and post specific things on our â€Å"online† self-portraits to display who we are. Rosen concludes that the reason we create and tweak online profiles is to find friendship, love, and ultimately acceptance. Rosen also gives a brief history on how social networking has evolved—from what was, argumentatively the first of the social networking sites, the Bulletin Board System of the 1980’s, to the current and most popular network, Facebook. Rosen states that social networking was originally used to keep in touch with people who had just graduated college. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Friendship and the New Narcissism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, as social networking grew and evolved, it became used for other things such as communicating with friends, meeting new people, sharing files such as music, pictures and videos, and setting up one’s identity. Rosen then makes the connection from online identity to online communities. She notes what characterizes these online communities, depends on a number of things. Age, demographics, location and, pastimes. She states that today’s social networking sites organize themselves around the â€Å"person,† how we define ourselves online with millions of individual profiles that list interests, hobbies and the things that are important to us. She also explains how these online communities have affected our relationships in the real world. She gives the example of two users who announced their engagement over Facebook and the repercussions both on and offline when they announced it was not going to happen. Thru observations of how people’s images have evolved, how communicating and social networking has grown, and how online sites have affected our online and offline relationships, Rosen explains how online networking has greatly altered our lives. The question is, is it for the better, or for the worst?